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Artificial Life (*interesting article)
(taken from the venom list)
'Artificial life' comes step closer
By Roland Pease
BBC radio science unit
The vesicles pushed out a green fluorescent protein
Researchers at Rockefeller University in the US have made the first
tentative steps towards creating a form of artificial life.
Their creations, small synthetic vesicles that can process (express) genes,
resemble a crude kind of biological cell.
The parts for their "vesicle bioreactors", as they call them, all come from
diverse realms of life.
The soft cell walls are made of fat molecules taken from egg white. The cell
contents are an extract of the common gut bug E. coli, stripped of all its
genetic material.
This essence of life contains ready-made much of the biological machinery
needed to make proteins; the researchers also added an enzyme from a virus
to allow the vesicle to translate DNA code.
When they added genes, the cell fluid started to make proteins, just like a
normal cell would.
Jelly fish
A gene for green fluorescent protein taken from a species of jellyfish was
the first they tried. The glow from the protein showed that the genes were
being transcribed.
With a second gene, from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the
researchers got their cells to make small pores in their walls.
Some bacteria can survive with just a few hundred genes
These let nutrients in from the surrounding "soup", so that the cells could
function, in some instances, for several days.
Albert Libchaber, who heads the project, stresses that these bioreactors are
not alive - they're performing simple chemical reactions that can also
happen in cell-free biological fluids.
But the research is one strand in a new field called synthetic biology,
where the aim is to re-design entire organisms, or recreate them from
scratch.
The bio-entrepreneur Craig Venter, who headed the commercial venture to
decode the human genome, is currently trying to strip a bacterium down to
the minimum set of genes needed for survival.
Synthetic virus
Two years ago, another team showed that polio viruses could assemble
themselves from off-the-shelf chemical components mixed in a test-tube.
And several chemists are exploring the kinds of chemical reactions that may
have preceded life.
Albert Libchaber's hope is to build up towards a minimal synthetic organism,
with a designed cell wall, and a mixture of gene circuits that would let it
maintain itself like a living cell.
As these constructs become more lifelike, the rest of us will have to start
rethinking the nature of life.
"This is rather philosophical," says Dr Libchaber.
"For me, life is just like a machine - a machine with a computer program.
There's no more to it than that. But not everyone shares this point of
view," he told the BBC.
He also stresses that there is no danger in the experiments. Not only are
his cells artificial, they can function only in the nutrient medium he
supplies them.
He said: "If you take our system out of its environment, it just doesn't
function."
Details of Libchaber's work with Vincent Noireaux have been published by the
journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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